Full report chapter 3:Ethereum Cancun Upgrade Brings Potential Investment Opportunities

RAAS track

-Conclusion:

Eigenlayer opens up a new re-pledge narrative, with a strong technical background of the team, a wide range of products and application scenarios, and has now developed an EigenDA solution to adapt to data availability needs, and is very optimistic about its future prospects;

Celestia, as the leading modular blockchain, has relatively mature products, and its subordinate ecological projects include Fuel, Cevmos, dYmension and Eclipse, among which Fuel and dYmension products have taken shape and deserve continuous attention;

RAAS track is in its infancy, and most of them are still in the incubation stage with less product information, but we recommend to pay attention to OP Stack and AltLayer. OP Stack is backed by the Optimism team, and it has launched the Ethernet Layer 2 Network Base in February, with a clear development vein, while AltLayer is a representative AltLayer is a representative codeless Rollup solution, with advanced development progress and good product security and innovation.

Eigenlayer

-Eigenlayer is a Re-staking protocol built on Ether, which allows Ether nodes to second pledge pledged ETH through EigenLayer to gain additional revenue, and also to pass the utility of Ether consensus layer outward to various middleware, data availability layer, sidechain and other protocols, so that they can enjoy the security of Ethernet level at a lower cost.

Specifically, validators and pledgers earn revenue by re-pledging these ETH to EigenLayer smart contracts to support other projects by using liquid pledge derivatives (LSDs) or setting EigenLayer smart contracts as withdrawal addresses for their ETH. The EigenLayer network can also reduce some or all of the 32 pledged ETH if a verifier provides the wrong service or maliciously attacks EigenLayer.

In this way, EigenLayer can leverage the existing trust network to protect other infrastructure and middleware layers to achieve significant reductions in security costs and system risk. Because an attacker would need to attack not only the security provider, but also the ETH authenticator network that supports the protocol, compared to a protocol that does not support EigenLayer

Developers will also benefit from having their middleware run and protected by an ETH verifier, avoiding the time-consuming and laborious process of launching an alternative solution. For pledgers, they can second pledge their initial capital on many different protocols outside of Ether, and earn additional income in the process.

Products:

EigenLayer offers a variety of pledging options similar to Lido’s Liquid Staking as well as Superfluid Staking, where Superfluid Staking can allow pledging of LP pairs, specifically:

Direct pledges, where ETH pledged on Ether is pledged directly to EigenLayer

LSD pledges, where assets already pledged in Lido or Rocket Pool are pledged again to EigenLayer

ETH LP pledge, where LP Token pledged in the DeFi protocol is pledged again to EigenLayer

LSD LP pledge, e.g. stETH-ETH LP Token from Curve is repledged to EigenLayer

Principal mechanism: for those repledgers who are interested in EigenLayer but do not want to act as node operators (operators), they can delegate their rights to other node operators, who will then pledge Token to Ether and distribute the portion of the proceeds to these repledgers. EigenLayer offers two models:

Separate pledge model: Pledgees provide verification services and can either join AVS directly or delegate the operation to other operators while continuing to verify for Ether themselves

Trusted model: the operator is chosen to operate in trust, and if the chosen operator does not perform as agreed, then its interest as a principal will be penalized. In addition, re-pledgers need to consider the ratio of fees to principals, and here a new market is expected to form where each EigenLayer operator will create a delegation contract on Ether that specifies how fees will be allocated to principals.

EigenDA:

First, EigenDA nodes must Restake their ETH exposure in the EigenLayer contract to participate in Restaking. EigenDA nodes are a subset of Ethereum stakers.

Secondly, after the data availability requester (such as Rollup, called Disperser) receives the Data Blob, it encodes the Data Blob using erasure coding and KZG commitments (the size depends on the redundancy ratio of the erasure coding) and publishes the KZG commitment to the EigenDA smart contract.

Afterwards, Disperser distributes the encoded KZG commitments to EigenDA nodes. These nodes compare the KZG commitment they receive with the KZG commitment on the EigenDA smart contract, confirm its correctness, and then sign the Attestation. Disperser then obtains these signatures one by one, generates an aggregate signature, and publishes it to the EigenDA smart contract for signature verification.

Specific use cases:

Implement new use cases:

Cross-chain bridge: It is designed for Eigenlayer. I conducted a hack on a cross-chain bridge called Hyperlane at ETH Mexico. Hyperlane is very flexible because it does not require nodes to be active and has a very low chance of being slashed.

Rollup serializer: Eigenlayer can make these L2 serializers (such as Optimism and Arbitrum) more secure and decentralized. The centralized serializers we are currently using can be used to review and reorder transactions.

Decentralized RPC node: It is crucial for avoiding client censorship. Existing solutions, such as Pocket Network, and even some centralized providers, such as Infura, can be transferred to Eigenlayer.

Appchain: In use cases such as games, applications can be isolated for scalability and benefit from running in independent modular application chains. Application chain deployment protocols such as Atlas and Stackr Labs will be able to use Eigenlayer to obtain collateral for new application chains, and the underlying collateral value will also accumulate to ETH.

Oracle: It is suitable to use Eigenlayer to run because they are guaranteed by the value of tokens, such as LINK. By using more collateral to guarantee the oracle network, the security of the oracle will be greatly increased, reducing the possibility of attacks in DeFi.

Use the heterogeneity of stakers to greatly expand the block space: In order to consider decentralization, the blockchain sets block limits based on the performance of the weakest nodes, and nodes with stronger performance can provide excess resources to other protocols through EigenLayer. Nodes with higher risk appetite can choose to provide verification for protocols with greater risks, poorer liquidity, but higher returns. With the combination of verifiable credentials, SBT, and other technologies, different protocols can select nodes that are more suitable for verification based on their characteristics.

Increase the deployment flexibility of Ethereum: It can enable innovation to be quickly deployed on Ethereum’s trusted layer, providing testing and experience for Ethereum’s mainnet innovation, avoiding the trade-off between rapid innovation and democratic governance of Ethereum.

Promote the decentralization process of Ethereum stakers: EigenLayer provides AVS with a market to monetize decentralization. AVS can specify that only Ethereum personal nodes (home validators) can participate in tasks, which can help AVS maintain decentralization. At the same time, personal nodes can obtain additional income, incentivizing more users to run Ethereum personal nodes and increase the decentralization of the mainnet.

Support a node group with multiple tokens: EigenLayer allows the AVS of the protocol to specify its own node groups (quorums) to run together with the node group that Restakes ETH. For example, the protocol A can choose to use two node groups, one node group needs to Restake ETH, and the other node group needs to Stake protocol Token $A. When both node groups agree that a certain matter is valid, protocol A finally agrees to the matter taking effect. This mechanism can help protocol Token $A obtain practicality and accumulate value for the protocol.

Layer1 is divided into four layers: consensus layer/settlement layer/data layer/execution layer, among which the consensus layer is necessary. Modularization means that one or two of the settlement, data, and execution are decoupled and combined with consensus to form a new layer of network protocol, in order to break the “impossible triangle” and achieve expansion without increasing the hardware burden of nodes and causing centralization.

Celestia

Layer1 is divided into four layers: consensus layer/settlement layer/data layer/execution layer, among which the consensus layer is necessary. Modularization refers to splitting out one or two of the settlement, data, and execution, adding consensus to form a new layer of network protocol, to break the “impossible triangle”, and achieve expansion without increasing the hardware burden of nodes and causing centralization.

Ethereum Rollup is to separate the execution layer, provide consensus and execution, sort transactions by a centralized sequencer, pack and compress a large number of transactions, submit them to the Ethereum mainnet, and verify transaction data by the mainnet full nodes.

• Celestia is a Data Availability (DA) project based on the Cosmos architecture that provides data and consensus layers for other Layer1 and Layer2, building a modular blockchain. Its business model is toB and charges fees to other public chains.

Introduction:

• Celestia provides pluggable data availability layer and consensus for other Layer1 and Layer2 protocols, built on Cosmos Tendermint consensus and Cosmos SDK;
• Celestia is a Layer1 protocol that is compatible with EVM chains and Cosmos application chains, and will support all types of Rollups in the future. These chains can directly use Celestia as the data availability layer, and block data will be stored, called and verified through Celestia before being settled on their own protocol;
• Celestia also supports native Rollups, which can be used to build Layer2 directly on it, but it does not support smart contracts, so dApps cannot be built directly on it.

Ecological Project: Fuel

• Fuel is a modular execution layer built on Celestia, and is currently in the testing phase for Ethereum’s Optimistic Rollup Layer2. Fuel has built FuelVM, a custom virtual machine designed for smart contracts that can process parallel transactions using UTXO accounts.
• Initially, Fuel’s operational direction was as an Optimistic Rollup for data availability and settlement using Ethereum, or as an execution layer using Celestia for data availability and Ethereum for settlement and consensus.
• Team: Fuel’s team has some overlap with Celestia’s team. For example, John Adler is a co-founder of Celestia and Fuel Labs, and while working as a blockchain researcher at Consensys, Adler helped pioneer Optimistic Rollups. Fuel’s other co-founder Dodson was an early Solidity developer on Ethereum.
• Financing: Since its establishment in 2019, Fuel has only raised $1.5 million. On September 7, 2022, Fuel announced an $80 million financing led by Blockchain Capital and Stratos, with participation from Alameda.
• Operations: Fuel currently has 58k followers on Twitter, with an average of around 100 likes per post. They participate in many offline events, and have 42,052 users on Discord with over 100 daily messages. Overall, their popularity is good.
• Technical Features:
• Parallel Execution: Fuel provides higher processing power compared to other projects by using a strict state access list in the form of the UTXO model to execute transactions in parallel.
• FuelVM: FuelVM removes some resource-consuming and redundant modules compared to EVM.
• Sway/Forc: Sway/Forc integrates Solidity and Rust features, making it more user-friendly.

Ecological Project: Cevmos

• Introduction:
• Cevmos is a Rollup developed jointly by Cosmos EVM application chain and Celestia. Cevmos is an abbreviation for Celestia, Evmos, and Cosmos. It is built using Optimint. Since Evmos is already a Rollup, Cevmos is actually a Rollup within a Rollup (recursive Rollup).
• Rollup contracts and applications already available on Ethereum can be redeployed on Cevmos, using it as the settlement layer and Celestia as the data layer. Each built Rollup will have a bi-directional trust-minimized bridge with the Cevmos Rollup, forming a cluster.
• Specific project information is currently undisclosed and still in its conceptual stage.
• Technical Information:
• Cevmos uses Optimint (Optimistic Tendermint) instead of Tendermint Core consensus engine used on existing Cosmos to build Celestia Rollup. Optimint is an alternative to Tendermint BFT that allows developers to deploy rollups using existing consensus and DAs (such as Celestia);
• Since Cevmos settlement layer itself is a Rollup, Rollups built on top of it are collectively referred to as settlement Rollups. Each built Rollup will have a bi-directional trust-minimized bridge with the Cevmos Rollup, and redeploying Rollup contracts and applications already available on Ethereum reduces the migration workload. This also means that all built Rollups will use calldata on the Cevmos Rollup, while Cevmos uses Optimint to batch process data and publish it on Celestia.

dYmension

• Introduction: dYmension is a sovereign Rollup built on Cosmos. dYmension Hub provides settlement and development kit RDK and interchain communication IRC, making it easy to develop rollApp applications focused on Rollup. Currently, it is still in the test network stage.
• Product:
• dYmension’s own settlement layer is called dYmension hub, which is a PoS chain with Tendermint Core state replication model for networking and consensus. RollApp built on dYmension hub inherits the security of the hub and is supported by dedicated modules of RDK and hub to ensure mutual communication.
• RollApps:
• Two core components: client and server.
• The server is the application endpoint specified for deploying RollApp programs, used to implement custom business logic and build pre-packaged modules for RollApp development toolkit RDK.
• The client component is called dymint, derived from Celestia’s Optimint, and is a direct replacement for Tendermint, responsible for block production, peer-to-peer messaging, and inter-layer communication. As RollApp itself has no consensus tasks, dymint can provide low-latency requirements required by modern applications.
• Similar to Cosmos, dYmension RollApps aim to create application-specific blockchains to reduce consensus overhead. RDK adds new modules and modifies existing modules on the basis of Cosmos-SDK to ensure that RollApp is compatible with dYmension protocol and still compatible with other Cosmos ecosystem tools. RollApps can interact with any chain that supports IBC using dYmension Hub, making it part of the Cosmos ecosystem.
• Operation: 4k followers on Twitter, daily like numbers ranging from dozens to 100, 11,155 users on Discord, and the channel has not yet been fully established, with an average of 300+ messages per day and high overall popularity.

Eclipse

• Eclipse is a sovereign Rollup based on Cosmos, using Solana VM as the settlement and execution layer, and Celestia as the data layer.
• In the early stage, Eclipse will use Celestia as the consensus layer and DA, and use Solana VM as the environment for settlement and execution. Its ultimate vision is to build a customizable rollup execution layer for any Layer1 heterogeneous blockchain, and connect all blockchains in a modular way. In addition, settlement layer rollups built on Solana VM will also be iterated into Optimistic rollup and zk rollup in the future.

RAAS SDK

OP Stack:

• Introduction:
• The Optimism team has designed a software stack for modular blockchain architecture, dividing the blockchain network into three functional layers: consensus layer, settlement layer, and execution layer. By decoupling different functional layers and combining them in the form of an API software stack, the process of building modular blockchains is greatly simplified. OP Stack is like a basic set of Lego blocks that allows developers to quickly build rollup modules.
• Currently, there are only two cases for OP Stack: Optimism mainnet and Base. Optimism mainnet, Base, and other L2s will be upgraded to the initial super chain, all of which can be called OP-Chain, and anyone can issue their own L2/L3/Ln or run dApps on it.
• In 2023, OP Stack will mainly focus on implementing the “Baseline” upgrade plan, and in 2024, it will implement a complete fault-tolerant proof of decentralization. Once implemented, themes such as deploying additional proof systems (such as ZK) on the mainnet, gradually phasing out the existing proof network, deleting upgrade keys, and decentralized sorters will be implemented in turn.
• Design principles:
• Utility: OP Stack can issue a blockchain for anything.
• Simplicity: Efficiently utilize reusable code and ready-made development kits to enhance security and reduce maintenance complexity.
• Extensibility: The Optimism Collective will fully publicize the main code of OP Stack and welcome developers to participate.
• Technology:
• OP Stack can be divided into six layers from bottom to top, namely the DALayer (data availability) layer, SequencingLayer (ordering) layer, DerivationLayer, ExecutionLayer (execution layer), Settlement Layer (settlement layer), and Governance Layer (governance layer).
• Each layer of OP Stack is a modular API component. They can be freely combined and decoupled, for example, Celestia can be used as a data availability layer, and Bitcoin can be used as a settlement layer. Among them, the most critical are the DA layer, execution layer, and settlement layer, which constitute the main workflow of OP Stack.
• The DA layer, the data availability layer, defines the source of raw data for L2 based on OP Stack. OP Stack can use one or more data availability modules to obtain its input data. Currently, Ethereum is its main DA layer, but other chains can also be added in the future;
• The execution layer defines the state structure in the OP Stack system. The execution layer abstraction can provide EVM or other VM possibilities, such as the modified version of EVM for OP Stack, which adds support for L2 transactions initiated on Ethereum and adds additional L1 data fees for each transaction to calculate the overall cost of publishing transactions to Ethereum.
• The settlement layer is the destination for L2 transaction data on OP Stack. After L2 confirmation, the confirmation information will be sent to the target blockchain for final settlement. In addition to the fault-tolerant proof mechanism, it is also expected to access validity proof mechanisms such as ZK in the future to bridge the gap between OP series L2 and ZK series L2.

Rollkit:

• Rollkit is a modular chain-agnostic SDK developed by the Celestia community. Rollkit is to Rollup what Tendermint is to Cosmos Layer 1. Developers can build Rollups on top of Celestia’s data availability (DA) and consensus layer for improved scalability. Additionally, Rollkit brings the advantage of customization, as the DA layer, ordering mechanism, execution environment, proof mechanism, etc., can be customized. Rollkit has announced support for creating sovereign Rollup on the Bitcoin network.

Sovereign:

• Sovereign is an interconnected ecosystem that initially focused on building zk-rollup (zkRU) based on zero-knowledge proofs. The SDK provided by Sovereign enables developers without a cryptography background to use zero-knowledge proof technology to develop public chains, making developing zk-rollup as simple as developing Dapps.

Stackr:

• Stackr is one of the 22 winning projects of the Ethereum Foundation’s Layer 2 Community Grants 2022. It stands out among 130+ projects. Its goal is to make it easier for developers to deploy customizable App-specific ORUs through the Stackr SDK.

Dymension:

• Dymension is a sovereign Rollup based on Cosmos. The dYmension Hub provides settlement and a development suite RDK and interchain communication IRC, making it easy to develop RollApps focused on Rollup applications. The RollApp development kit (RDK) of Dymension has similar functionality to the Cosmos SDK, helping developers deploy RollApps (Rollups based on specific applications) on the Dymension settlement layer. The settlement layer plays a role in maintaining the security of all RollApps and is also known as the Dymension Hub. In other words, all RollApps built on RDK share the security of Dymension Hub. It is worth noting that Dymension introduces a RollApp virtual machine (RVM) in the settlement layer, which supports a brand-new dispute resolution mechanism, making it possible to support various execution environments.

Celestia:

• Celestia is a modular blockchain built on the DA layer, as detailed above.

Constellation:

• Constellation enables developers to easily deploy Rollups using the OP Stack. These Rollups are compatible with OP EVM and optimized for fast performance. Each “Constellation chain” includes a block explorer and a bridge that can be customized with options such as block time and account permissions.

RAAS No-Code:

AltLayer:

• One of the representative no-code Rollup solutions, aimed at solving the problem of network congestion caused by a single popular Dapp. As different Dapps deployed on the same blockchain network share limited block space, when there is a surge in transactions on a specific Dapp chain (such as a time-limited NFT minting event), it leads to congested network and skyrocketing gas fees. AltLayer solves this problem by providing a Flash Layer that provides dedicated block space for NFT minting events, completely isolated from other projects on the chain, and closes the execution layer after the minting event is over, thereby improving network scalability. It supports Ethereum (EVM) and WebAssembly (WASM) for multi-functionality.
• Main features:
• Application customization: GameFi, Metaverse, privacy protection applications, and other applications typically require specific customization or library support, otherwise, due to the underlying limitations of the virtual machine, these applications are not available on the general Layer 1 or Layer 2. AltLayer not only supports EVM but also supports WASM, allowing applications to access any Web Assembly code, thus expanding the types of applications that can be built.
• Resource optimization: Unlike all Layer 1 and Layer 2 solutions, AltLayer provides a unique execution layer that can be instantiated by dApp developers at any time, used as needed, and then discarded. AltLayer achieves this by providing a transient execution layer through the concept of Flash Layer. Flash Layer comes with a plug-and-play and cloud-like solution called FlashLayer, which dApp developers can use when they expect a surge in application demand. Once the FlashLayer is destroyed, all related resources are released, and the state of the dApp is summarized to the underlying Layer 1 chain. dApp developers will have economic (or other) incentives to release FlashLayer when block space on the underlying Layer 1 chain is not so scarce.
• Modular design with support for multiple virtual machines: AltLayer is designed as a modular execution layer that can execute optimistic execution and is easy to integrate with any Layer 1 or Layer 2, making it attractive to developers across heterogeneous chains. Given the different runtimes supported by different chains, AltLayer aims to support multiple VMs, especially EVM and WASM.
• Layered security: AltLayer provides a three-layer security method that meets user security budgets.

Saga:

• Saga is a project deployed on the Cosmos ecosystem, with the vision of creating a multi-chain ecosystem through horizontal scalability. The architecture of Saga is similar to the SDK solution Dymension mentioned above, and Rollup is called in Saga architecture because all Chainlets share the security provided by the Saga mainnet. Due to shared security, Chainlets can run without native tokens. Given the need to improve and scale the underlying infrastructure of chain games, Saga will initially focus on Web 3 infrastructure such as gaming and entertainment chains.

Eclipse:

• Eclipse aims to provide a universal settlement layer for any Layer 1, upon which Rollup is built. Eclipse provides developers with a highly composable Rollup framework that allows them to choose their own virtual machine, data availability layer, etc. Currently, Eclipse supports Layer 1 networks including Celestia, Polygon, and EigenLayer, and will support more Layer 1 networks in the future.

Caldera:

• Introduction: Caldera focuses on building high-performance, customizable, and application-specific Layer 2 blockchains. These customized blockchains (Caldera chains) can provide high throughput, low latency, and customizable features to optimize the performance and user experience of decentralized applications, capable of processing hundreds of transactions per second.
• Technology:
• Caldera supports “one-click to launch ORU chain”, reducing the time to develop a Rollup to minutes without writing a single line of code.
• The modular stack of Caldera chain consists of 3 parts: Caldera Chain (execution layer)/ EVM settlement layer/ data availability layer (DA). It can be based on any EVM compatible chain as the settlement layer, and the execution layer of Caldera is based on the fraud-proof ORU, which maintains the security of the Rollup network by running fraud-proof mechanisms.

References:

Week in Ethereum News https://weekinethereumnews.com/

Daily event description of Ethereum China https://ejournal.ethereum.cn/

Shanghai Upgrade

Please refer to the specification of Shanghai Upgrade here: https://github.com/ethereum/execution-specs/blob/master/network-upgrades/mainnet-upgrades/shanghai.md#eips-considered-for-inclusion**

Ethereum Foundation **Shanghai Upgrade Announcement, February 21, 2023 https://blog.ethereum.org/2023/02/21/sepolia-shapella-announcement**

Understanding the Ethereum “Shanghai Upgrade”: Why Is It Getting Attention from Developers? https://news.marsbit.co/20230222082649758342.html (February 22, 2023)

This Shanghai Upgrade will launch five Ethereum Improvement Proposals (EIPs), including three key Ethereum protocols: EIP-4895, EIP-3855, and EIP-3860. EIP-4895 provides a more flexible staking mechanism for Ethereum stakers. EIP-3855 aims to increase the transaction speed of the Ethereum network, while EIP-3860 aims to reduce transaction fees. These improvements will help improve the user experience of the Ethereum network in applications such as DeFi and NFT, and improve the usability and attractiveness of the Ethereum ecosystem. EIP-4895 is the most concerned.

Understanding the selling pressure of the Ethereum Shanghai Upgrade from nine aspects (January 9, 23) https://mirror.xyz/0xC36051E2bb2128c18B6E16e5013355A7D950b3F5/gpFTo3qJkdKJmNwtGqdeHFkxLwU4VRcszKXOPOJSjJA

Even if the withdrawal function is enabled after the Shanghai Upgrade, the impact on ETH selling pressure is limited. As for the Shanghai Upgrade event itself, it is beneficial for the long-term development of the Ethereum ecosystem and is a long-term positive event. However, if a black swan event occurs during this period, it will also have an impact on the market even if there is no staking unlocked.

From 0 to 1: Understanding the Ethereum Shanghai Upgrade (January 10, 23) https://www.coinvoice.cn/articles/29918

The main content of the Shanghai Upgrade is Withdrawal and EOF, and EIP-4844 will not be included in the Shanghai Upgrade. Analysis of the Shanghai Upgrade technical part from the Withdrawal and EOF perspective

Data interpretation of Ethereum merging economics, Shanghai Upgrade will become the highlight (February 7, 2023) https://www.chaincatcher.com/article/2087098

From inflation and node count to staking extraction, and economic changes brought about by merging

After the Ethereum Shanghai Upgrade, which track will erupt? https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/23159 (January 10, 23) Three parts: small improvements, EVM object format and withdrawal, Cancun Upgrade, Layer 2 may truly erupt

LSD and Restaking

Understanding EigenLayer: Introducing Ethereum-level trust into middleware https://web3caff.com/zh/archives/40704

ETH Staking and Withdrawal Ultimate Guide https://consensys.net/shanghai-capella-upgrade/

In-depth interpretation of EigenLayer white paper: scalability of consensus layer, LSD important development direction https://www.theblockbeats.info/news/34914?search=1

The only remaining algorithm is stable: a comprehensive analysis of finance, from monetary protocols to DeFi matrix https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/6730

LSD stacking war upgrades: not only liquidity but also high returns https://m.techflowpost.com/article/2145

After the Shanghai Upgrade, how will LSD returns achieve “stacking buffs”? https://www.theblockbeats.info/news/35147?search=1

Development Status

Luozhu is the current focus of Ethereum development. The article outlines the current focus of Ethereum development and summarizes the roadmap and timeline of key upgrades. January 11, 2023, source | mirror.xyz/luozhu.eth https://www.ethereum.cn/Eth2/current-ethereum

The Ethereum Shanghai Upgrade may be postponed to April, and EIP 4844 will be renamed Deneb. February 13, 2023. Before the official Ethereum mainnet upgrade, Sepolia is the second-to-last test network. Based on the activation date of Sepolia, the mainnet launch date of the Shanghai Upgrade is more likely to be in early April. https://www.theblockbeats.info/news/34605

Ethereum’s development focus for the first half of the year: Shanghai in front and Cancun in the back, January 29, 2023 https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/24138 After Ethereum’s successful merger on September 15, 2022, its attention was turned to subsequent improvement proposals: the Shanghai Upgrade on the execution layer and the Capella Upgrade on the consensus layer. It is expected that the implementation and testing of EIP-4844 will be completed in April 2023 and deployed on the public test network. Then the Cancun upgrade can be launched in May or June, deploying EIP-4844 on the mainnet.

Ethereum Foundation Developer Danny Ryan: Reflections on Ethereum 2023: The Road is Long and Hard, and We Cannot Slacken Off. Explores issues such as the health of the Layer1 ecosystem, capture, cartels, protocol sclerosis, and L2 consistency with Ethereum. March 1, 2023, https://www.ethereum.cn/Eth2/2023-Reflections

EIP-4844 related content: https://www.eip4844.com/**

Ethereum researcher @protolambda shared 24 predictions for the crypto world in 2023 on Twitter, including that two months after the withdrawal function is activated, the deposit queue will become longer than the withdrawal queue; the EOF series EIP will be deployed, but competition between L1 and L2 adoption and tool development will take more than six months; at least one zk rollup will be deeply redesigned, etc. https://twitter.com/protolambda/status/1608870209460502528?s=20(December 31, 22)

Ethereum’s new sharding solution Danksharding and EIP-4844’s 10,000-word research report: Has the new public chain narrative arrived? A plain language interpretation of the revolutionary solution to the “impossible triangle” of blockchain. https://research.web3caff.com/zh/archives/6259 (February 14, 23)

Interpretation of the four EIPs that will be activated in the Ethereum Shanghai Upgrade (November 5, 22) https://www.chaincatcher.com/article/2082141

The role and benefits of the Ethereum Shanghai Upgrade (November 8, 22) https://www.chaincatcher.com/article/2082266

Technical interpretation of polynomial commitment: reshaping the entire blockchain? https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/17988

In-depth explanation of how KZG is applied to zk-rollup and Ethereum DA solutions https://www.defidaonews.com/article/6784542

Fox Capital Investment Research Analysis-Kankun Upgrade, What Can We Predict? Fox Capital Investment Research Analysis-Kankun Upgrade, What Can We Predict?

How does V God interpret EIP-4844, which has a critical impact on Layer2? https://www.theblockbeats.info/news/29882?search=1

What is “Danksharding” explained by V God? https://www.theblockbeats.info/news/29262?search=1

RAAS

The era of customized rollups begins? RaaS ecological full interpretation of scalability solution https://www.theblockbeats.info/news/34768?search=1

Foresight Ventures: What is RaaS? What kind of RaaS will win the market https://mp.weixin.qq.com/s/1MyqEkO6SAro4bu2yVo-sA

Understanding Rollup as a Service from Coinbase’s Layer 2 layout: Innovative changes in the RaaS track https://mirror.xyz/0xd5Eb8F3f1eD7DDA719DAFA19B9C9C7f67513D779/KqlMzfYRTrJO7_YTkm09JJeUAaiam0Hqpp5EBOGSCgE

The coming of the super chain: a deep interpretation of the OP Stack jointly created by Coinbase and Optimism https://www.bitpush.news/articles/3727888

Celestia: The Starry Sea of Modular Blockchain https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/15497

Modular blockchain ecosystem, understanding these is enough https://www.theblockbeats.info/news/32427

This is how Celestia, the data availability layer project, is explained, which should be easier to understand https://foresightnews.pro/article/detail/18927

Scalability of zk rollup: https://twitter.com/jbaylina/status/1629352597445394432

The birthplace of the entire chain game: A review of the StarkNet chain game ecology https://www.panewslab.com/zh/articledetails/29ibaw55.html

Original Text on Multidimensional Fee Market: https://notes.ethereum.org/@vbuterin/proto_danksharding_faq#What-does-the-proto-danksharding-multidimensional-fee-market-look-like

Translated Text on Multidimensional Fee Market: https://www.8btc.com/article/6737384

Ether set to gain market leadership as the ‘stars are aligned,’ say Bernstein analysts https://www.theblock.co/post/215677/ether-set-to-gain-market-leadership-as-the-stars-are-aligned-say-bernstein-analysts